Calcined petroleum coke (271312) has been heat-treated to remove volatile matter and moisture, producing a purer carbon product used in electrode and anode manufacturing. Non-calcined or 'green' coke (271311) retains higher volatile content and is typically used as fuel or as feedstock for calcination. The distinction is determined by the production process and measurable physical properties such as volatile matter content.

No. Petroleum bitumen is a refinery-derived residue classified here under heading 2713, while natural asphalt and naturally occurring bitumen are classified under heading 2714. The key distinction is origin: refinery-processed versus naturally occurring. Misclassification between these two headings is a common audit finding for road-paving material importers.