Grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES) is processed so that the magnetic domains align in the rolling direction, giving it superior magnetic permeability for transformer cores; it falls under 722511. Non-grain-oriented (NGOES) has isotropic magnetic properties suited to rotating machinery and goes under 722519. Mill test certificates and the product's intended magnetic application are the key classification evidence.

Yes. Grain-oriented electrical steel has been subject to antidumping and countervailing duty orders from multiple countries. Importers should check the current scope of any active orders with CBP and the International Trade Administration before entry, as duty liability can be substantial and retroactive through administrative reviews.