Zircaloy and other zirconium-based alloys used in nuclear applications are generally classified under heading 8109 based on their zirconium content and hafnium ratio. If the alloy contains less than 1 part hafnium per 500 parts zirconium and is in a wrought or fabricated form, it would typically fall under 8109910000. However, if the alloy's composition or form places it closer to another heading, a binding ruling from CBP is advisable to confirm classification.

Both countries host major nuclear fuel cycle industries — including companies that produce zirconium cladding tubes and structural components for light-water reactors — and have long-established quality systems certified to nuclear industry standards. Their dominance reflects decades of investment in hafnium-separation technology and nuclear-grade fabrication capacity, which creates high barriers to entry for alternative suppliers.