Under federal law, most conventional air guns (spring, CO2, or pneumatic) are not regulated as firearms by ATF because they do not use an explosive propellant. However, certain large-caliber, high-velocity air rifles may be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. Importers of high-powered air rifles should seek an ATF classification determination before importation to confirm the device's regulatory status.

Paintball markers are generally classified under this heading as gas-powered guns, not under sporting goods, because the HTS classification follows the article's mechanical character as a gas-propellant projector. However, paintball-specific accessories and protective gear are classified separately under their respective headings.