Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between two or more fluid streams without mixing them, serving as critical components in petrochemical refining, HVAC systems, power generation, and food processing. Shell-and-tube, plate, and finned-tube configurations each fall under this heading, and the correct classification often hinges on the exchanger's construction type and intended service environment. Units destined for oil-and-gas or chemical plant applications may be subject to Section 301 tariff exposure depending on country of origin, making origin documentation a key compliance step.

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