The NAICS classification of the producing establishment is based on its primary activity. An establishment whose primary revenue comes from applying ink to substrates for informational or decorative purposes is classified in NAICS 3231. One whose primary activity is converting paper into functional packaging or stationery is classified in NAICS 322. For import classification purposes, the HTS code of the finished article—not the NAICS code of the producer—governs duty treatment.

Certain printed products, particularly those with high labor content such as greeting cards, catalogs, and labels, have been subject to antidumping investigations from specific origins. The applicability of any order depends on the precise product description and country of origin. Importers should review current AD/CVD orders and scope rulings relevant to their specific printed article before sourcing internationally.