The distinction generally turns on the degree of processing: crushing, grinding, and flotation that increase metal content produce a concentrate, which is classified separately from crude ore under the HTS. The specific metal content threshold and processing method described on the commercial invoice and mill certificate are key documents for making this determination at entry.

Ores containing minerals on the USGS critical-minerals list — such as cobalt, lithium, or rare earth elements — attract policy scrutiny around import dependence. While the list itself does not impose additional duties, it signals potential future regulatory action and has prompted some buyers to diversify sourcing or seek domestic alternatives, making origin-country tracking under NAICS 2122 a strategic priority.