Palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium — the platinum group metals other than platinum itself — are captured here in their unwrought and powder forms, covering the raw-material stage of some of the most supply-concentrated commodities in global trade. Palladium dominates import volumes in this heading, driven by its role in gasoline-engine autocatalysts, while rhodium commands exceptional value per troy ounce despite smaller trade volumes. Ruthenium powder is an emerging input for hard-disk perpendicular recording layers and advanced electrochemical applications, broadening the industrial base of this heading beyond traditional catalytic uses.

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