Fluid milk and cream imports into the US are commercially limited by short shelf life and cold-chain requirements, but ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processed milk and cream products do move in international trade and are subject to FDA pasteurization equivalency requirements. Tariff-rate quotas apply to fluid milk and cream under the US schedule, and over-quota rates are prohibitively high, making quota access a threshold issue for any commercial import program. FDA's standards of identity for cream and related products — including half-and-half and heavy cream — govern the fat content thresholds that determine product classification.

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