HS 284510

Heavy Water (Deuterium Oxide)

U.S. imports of heavy water (deuterium oxide) (HS 284510) totaled $4.2M in April 2026, traded with 7 countries.

Last updated: April 2026 data

Heavy water — water in which the hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium — serves as a neutron moderator and coolant in CANDU-type reactors and as a research reagent in NMR spectroscopy and biochemical studies. Classified under a single 10-digit line (2845100000), commercial-grade heavy water for reactor use is subject to NRC licensing and IAEA safeguards tracking because of its direct role in nuclear fuel cycles that can operate on natural uranium. Canada is the leading supplier, a reflection of its CANDU reactor program and long-standing heavy water production infrastructure, with India, France, Israel, and Germany also among the recorded sources. Purity specifications (typically 99.75–99.85 mol% D₂O for reactor grade) are a key commercial differentiator.

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Imports

$4.2M

from 7 countries · YTD: $15.6M

Exports

$559K

Deficit of $3.7M (net importer)

Trade balance: deficit of $3.7M (net importer)

YTD: $15.6M imported (April 2026)

18 shipments/month

Top Import Sources

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1INDIA

Import Trend (12 months)

Monthly import values over time

Geographic Breakdown

URANIUM ENRICHED IN U235 ETC. PLUTONIUM ETC.

HS 284420

$450.1M

NATURAL URANIUM & COMPOUNDS, ALLOYS & CERAMICS ETC

HS 284410

$242.8M

ANHYDROUS AMMONIA

HS 281410

$116.5M

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Frequently Asked Questions

Does importing heavy water require a license from the NRC?

Yes. Heavy water above de minimis quantities is a controlled nuclear material under the Atomic Energy Act, and importers must obtain an NRC license. Reactor-grade quantities are also subject to IAEA safeguards reporting obligations, and the exporting country's nuclear regulatory authority typically requires export authorization as well.

What countries are the primary foreign sources of heavy water imported into the United States?

Canada is the leading supplier, drawing on its history of CANDU reactor development and dedicated heavy water production plants. India, France, Israel, and Germany are also recorded sources, serving both reactor-program and research-grade demand.